Do bears facilitate transfer of salmon resources to aquatic macroinvertebrates?

نویسندگان

  • Monika Winder
  • Daniel E. Schindler
  • Jonathan W. Moore
  • Susan P. Johnson
  • Wendy J. Palen
چکیده

In coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest bears (Ursus spp.) prey heavily on spawning Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and selectively kill energy-rich individuals that are the most recent arrivals on spawning grounds. Pacific salmon eventually die in spawning habitats anyway, albeit with considerably lower energetic content. We investigated whether foraging activities of bears facilitate growth of stream invertebrates by increasing the duration of salmon carcass availability and the nutritional value of carcasses for scavengers. Our survey in southwest Alaska showed that carcasses are highly colonized by caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae. Caddisflies show a strong preference for bear-killed over senescent carcasses, which may be a result of extended temporal availability, improved accessibility of consumable tissue, and higher energetic content of bear-killed fish. Isotope analyses further indicate uptake of marinederived nutrients in caddisflies during the salmon run, which, however, does not extend into subsequent generations. Thus, species with life histories linked to the annual marine derived nutrient pulse gain the biggest advantage from the salmon resource subsidy. A long-term survey in several creeks in this region showed that bear predation intensity varied greatly among creeks and years, therefore indirect effects of bear predation on aquatic scavengers are likely highly patchy in time and space. Résumé : Dans les régions côtières pacifiques du nord-ouest américain, les ours (Ursus spp.) font une forte prédation sur les saumons du Pacifique (Oncorhynchus spp.) lors de la fraye et tuent de préférence les individus riches en énergie qui sont le plus récemment arrivés sur les sites de reproduction. Les saumons du Pacifique meurent sur les habitats de fraye de toute façon, bien que leur contenu énergique soit alors considérablement réduit. Nous avons examiné si les activités alimentaires des ours améliorent la croissance des invertébrés des cours d’eau en prolongeant la période de disponibilité des carcasses de saumons et en augmentant la valeur nutritive des carcasses pour les charognards. Notre inventaire dans le sud-ouest de l’Alaska montre que les carcasses sont fortement colonisées par les larves de phryganes (Trichoptera). Les trichoptères montrent une forte préférence pour les carcasses tuées par les ours par rapport aux carcasses sénescentes, ce qui peut s’expliquer par une disponibilité prolongée dans le temps, une accessibilité accrue de tissu consommable et un contenu énergétique supérieur des poissons tués par les ours. Les analyses d’isotopes indiquent de plus une accumulation de nutriments d’origine marine chez les trichoptères durant la montaison des saumons, qui, cependant, ne se prolonge pas dans les générations qui suivent. Ainsi, les espèces dont le cycle biologique est relié à l’apport ponctuel annuel de nutriments d’origine marine retirent un avantage maximal de la contribution des saumons aux ressources du milieu. Un inventaire de longue durée dans plusieurs ruisseaux de la région montre que l’intensité de la prédation par les ours varie considérablement d’un cours d’eau à un autre et d’une année à l’autre; les effets indirects de la prédation des ours sur les charognards aquatiques sont donc vraisemblablement très variables dans l’espace et le temps. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Winder et al. 2293

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تاریخ انتشار 2005